Sunday, January 20, 2013

ACTIVITY SIX

   0 degree F = 255.372 Kelvins
   32 degree F = 273.15 Kelvins
   70 degree F = 294.261 Kelvins
   212 degree F = 373.15 Kelvins

Scie
The atoms slow down as the molecule cools off and approaches 0 K. The hydrogen molecules are attracted to each other.


Oxygen changes to liquid at 50 K and a pressure of 0.00 ATM


Science Standards
C.4.4 Use simple science equipment safely and effectively, including rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, hand lenses, thermometers, and computers, to collect data relevant to questions and investigations
D.4.3. Understand that substances can exist in different states-solid, liquid, gas

Thursday, January 17, 2013

ACTIVITY 5


Density: mass per unit volume.

Equation:

 





























Lithium: 3 Protons, 3 Neutrons, 3 Electrons
Density: 0.534 g·cm−3





 Boron: 5 Protons, 6 Neutrons, 5 ElectronsDensity: 2.08 g·cm−3



Mystery Blocks:
A: GOLD Mass= 65.14 kg Volume=3.38L Density=19.27 
B: WATER Mass=.64kg Volume=.64L Density=1.00
C: WATER Mass=4.08 kg Volume=4.08L Density=1.00
D: WATER Mass=3.10kg Volume=3.10L Density=1.00
E: DIAMOND Mass=3.53kg Volume=1.00L Density=3.53




STANDARDS:
C.4.4 Use simple science equipment safely and effectively, including rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, hand lenses, thermometers, and computers, to collect data relevant to questions and investigations

A.4.2 When faced with a science-related problem, decide what evidence, models, or explanations previously studied can be used to better understand what is happening now



Sunday, January 13, 2013

Activity FOUR


Activity FOUR

A.4.5 When studying a science-related problem, decide what changes over time are occurring or have occurred
                In this class, I met this standard when I saw the change in states of matter in activity one. I observed the change from liquid to solid in water. I timed how long it took for this change to occur. After this, I observed the change and concluded that the water was no longer liquid.

B.4.1 Use encyclopedias, source books, texts, computers, teachers, parents, other adults, journals, popular press, and various other sources, to help answer science-related questions and plan investigations
                In my biology class, I used the text book and other outside sources to complete assignments to meet this standard. Sometimes the answer to a question was not clearly defined in the course textbook.  I would go to the library to look for further information. I also asked the professor and fellow classmates if I was unable to locate information via text.

C.4.4 Use simple science equipment safely and effectively, including rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, hand lenses, thermometers, and computers, to collect data relevant to questions and investigations
                In this class, I met this standard during activity one. I used a thermometer, measuring utensils, and a computer to complete the activity. I used a thermometer to test the temperature of the water before I began boiling or freezing it. I used my computer to record data and research information.

D.4.3. Understand that substances can exist in different states-solid, liquid, gas
                During this class, activity one met this standard. I boiled and froze water in order to observe how a substance changes from different states of matter. This activity helped me understand the process that matter goes through to change. I also showed me the different states of matter.

E.4.1 Investigate that earth materials are composed of rocks and soils and correctly use the vocabulary for rocks, minerals, and soils during these investigations
                In my geology class, we met this standard with almost every assignment. I observed rocks and soil. I researched and identified rock cycles. I memorized vocabulary words and used them on assignments and quizzes.

F.4.1 Discover* how each organism meets its basic needs for water, nutrients, protection, and energy* in order to survive
                In my biology class, I met this standard by observing organisms in their natural environment. I went to a creek in Menomonie and collected water samples that contained different organisms. I recorded observations and took pictures. After, I researched the different organisms and learned more about their way of survival.

G.4.3 Determine what science discoveries have led to changes in technologies that are being used in the workplace by someone employed locally
                In my food technologies class, I learned about different technologies and how they have changed through the years. I learned that since discovering what temperature meat needs to be cooked at in order to be safe to eat, ovens and microwaves have gotten more advanced. I also talked to a local restaurant owner and asked him how cooking devices have changed in the last twenty years.

H.4.3 Show* how science has contributed to meeting personal needs, including hygiene, nutrition, exercise, safety, and health care
                In my food science class, I met this standard by writing a short essay on the effects of nutrition and exercise in a young child’s daily life. Good nutrition and plenty of exercise have a positive effect on children and allow them to lead a healthier lifestyle. Science helps us know what nutrients our bodies need and how much they need.


1. What do you see are big changes compared to the previous standards?
I noticed that the content is more challenging for such a young age. It seems like they are introducing harder concepts sooner than the previous standards did. They also incorporate more technology than the previous standards, probably because students today are more used to technology than in the past.

2. How are these standards connected to the other disciplines such as math and literacy?
Science goes hand in hand with math and literacy. Students need to write hypotheses  and explain their conclusions thoroughly. Students are also required to graph data and solve equations. These standards successfully try to include all the subjects together so that the students are learning the most they can.

3. What do you see will be challenges for teachers when considering some of the changes in the proposed science standards?
                As a future teacher, I think it will be challenging trying to learn new standards and shaping my lesson plans to reflect the new standards. It will also be a challenge to keep the students focused and ready to learn. Change is always difficult, but in the long run it will be better for the students. 

Activity THREE


ACTIVITY THREE
Water
H2O
Oxidane


Salt
NaCl
Sodium chloride





Ammonia
NH3
Azane

























1. Common Name: Hairspray
IUPAC Name: Methoxymethane
Molecular Formula: CH3OCH3












2. Common Name: Deodorant
IUPAC Name: 1-(1-butoxypropan-2-yloxy)propan-2-ol
Molecular Formula: C10H22O3










3. Common Name: Aspirin
IUPAC Name: acetylsalicylic acid
Molecular Formula: C9H8O4










4. Common Name: Alcohol
IUPAC Name: ethanol
Molecular Formula: C2H5OH












5. Common Name: Sugar
IUPAC Name: (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Molecular Formula: C12H22O1













6. Common Name: Bleach
IUPAC Name: sodium hypochlorite
Molecular Formula: NaClO












7. Common Name: Windex
IUPAC Name: Ammonia
Molecular Formula: NH4OH












8. Common name: Sun-tan Lotion
IUPAC Name: 4-Aminobenzoic acid
Molecular Formula: C7H7NO2











9. Common Name: Caffeine
IUPAC Name: 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione
Molecular Formula: C8H10N4O2














10. Common Name: Gas
IUPAC Name: Propane
Molecular Formula: C3H8









11. Common Name: Chalk
IUPAC Name: calcium carbonate
Molecular Formula: CaCO3












12. Common Name: Face Wash
IUPAC Name: Benzoyl peroxide
Molecular Formula: C14H10O4








13. Common Name: Toothpaste
IUPAC Name: Sodium Fluoride
Molecular Formula: NaF










14. Common Name: Perfume
IUPAC Name: 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene acetate
Molecular Formula: C12H20O2










15. Common Name: Egg Shells
IUPAC Name: Calcium carbonate
Molecular Formula: CaCO3











16. Common Name: Baking Soda
IUPAC Name: Sodium Hydrogen carbonate
Molecular Formula: NaHCO3












17. Common Name: Antifreeze
IUPAC Name: ethylene glycol
Molecular Formula: C2H6O2











18. Common Name: Mascara
IUPAC Name: Dodecane
Molecular Formula: CH3(CH2)10CH3













19. Common Name: Baking Powder
IUPAC Name: Sodium bicarbonate
Molecular Formula: NaHCO3












20. Common Name: Easy On
IUPAC Name: sodium hydroxide
Molecular Formula: NaOH



Look over your molecules and the bonding characteristics, how many bonds does each of the following elements typically have?  
Carbon has 4. Hydrogen has 1. Oxygen has 2. This is because it’s how many electrons each element needs to fill its outer shell.

What does IUPAC stand for?  
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

As you explore ingredients, notice how everything around us is made up of chemicals consisting of atoms bound together into molecules.  But what about companies that claim their products are chemical free! How can this be?
There is no such thing as “chemical free” because all things are made up of chemicals at a molecular level. Everything from egg shells to hairspray is made up of chemicals. Some products may not have added harmful chemicals and tried to keep the product as natural as possible, but they still technically contain chemicals. 

ACTIVITY TWO



ACTIVITY TWO




Hydrogen:
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Mass: 1.01
Subatomic Particles: 1 proton and 1 electron



Lithium:
Atomic Number: 3
Atomic Mass: 6.94
Subatomic Particles: 3 protons, 3 electrons, 3 neutrons


Carbon:
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Mass: 12.01
Subatomic Particles: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons



4. How would you make an isotope for one of your models?  What would change with the model?
Add or take away neutrons. It doesn’t change the atomic number, but changes the atomic mass. The model would have less apples.

5. Considering the overall volume of your element models, what makes up most of the volume of an atom?
Empty space takes up most of the volume, but the nucleus (neutrons and protons) makes up most of the mass of an atom.

6. For one of your models, show with another image what happens when energy excites an electron.

7. Once the electron is excited, what do we typically observe when the electron returns to the ground-state? 
When an electron drops from a higher energy level to a lower energy level it releases a photon and we observe light.

8. Why are some elements different colors when they are excited? Hint: when electrons are excited (by something like heat from an explosive) they move up to another orbital and when they fall back they release the energy in the form of light.
We observe different colors because when an electron drops from one energy level to another, the light emitted depends on which energy level the electron was at and which energy level the electron went to.

9. With the Fourth of July coming up quickly, explain how the colors of fireworks arise.
When a firework ignites it makes the electrons go to higher levels. We see this energy in the form of colored  light.

10.  Explain the overall organizational structure of the periodic table.
The periodic table is organized in rows and columns. Column one is alkali metals. Column two is alkaline earth metals. Columns three through twelve are transition metals. Columns thirteen through sixteen are semiconductors, and the groups that make up these columns are diagonal. Column seventeen is halogens and column eighteen is noble gases.

11. List two example elements for each of these groups or classes:
Alkali Metals: Lithium and Sodium
Alkaline Earth: Calcium and Magnesium
Halogens: Fluorine and Chlorine
Noble Gases: Neon and Helium
Transition Metals: Copper and Zinc
Non-Metals: Carbon and Oxygen
Metalloids: Boron and Silicon



Sunday, January 6, 2013

Activity ONE


Three experimental questions to answer:
1. Does hot water or cold water freeze faster? 
2. Does hot water or cold water boil faster? 
3. Does salt water freeze faster or slower than regular water?

Materials and Set up:








Experiment ONE:
-HYPOTHESIS: I hypothesize that the cold water will freeze faster than hot water. I predict that the cold water will freeze first because it is closer to a freezing temperature than the hot water.
DATA
Boiling Test

Cold Water
Hot Water
First Trial

x
Second Trial

x
Third Trial

x

I observed the hot water boiled faster than the cold water every time. The time it took for the hot water versus the cold water to boil was about a 20 second difference each trial.

Experiment TWO:
-HYPOTHESIS: I hypothesize that the hot water will boil faster than the cold water. I predict that the hot water will boil first because it is closer to a boiling temperature than the cold water.
DATA:

Freeze Test

Cold Water
Hot Water
First Trial
X

Second Trial
X

Third Trial

X
I observed that the cold water froze faster than the hot water a majority of the time, but it did not freeze exceptionally faster than the hot water.








Experiment THREE:
-HYPOTHESIS: I hypothesize that the regular water will freeze before the salt water. I predict this will happen because we put salt on icy roads to make them melt faster—not freeze.
DATA
Salt Water Test

Salt Water
Regular Water
First Trial

x
Second Trial

x
Third Trial

x

I observed that the regular water froze faster than the salt water every time.


Controlled Variables:
-Amount of water
-Temperature of freezer
-Temperature of stove

My theory for these experiments is that when water is already near the temperature you are trying to get it to, it boils or freezes faster. Because the water was already hot, it boiled faster than cold water and because the water was already cold, it froze faster than hot water. The speed of the water molecules affects the time in which water freezes or boils.






 Image:

 







 Video:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moITG5Q7zzI via Canada Museum of Nature


The scientific method is a series of steps to acquire knowledge and test a theory or hypothesis. The steps are to hypothesize, predict, experiment, observe, and conclude. In this experiment I hypothesized what would happen to the water. I made predictions of why something would happen. I conducted experiments and made observations. Lastly, I drew a conclusion from my data which led to a theory.
I noticed that my data was consistent and repetitive throughout all the experiments.


                I began this activity by hypothesizing what I believed the results would be of each experiment. After making a hypothesis, I planned out my experiments. I gathered materials and made a procedure for each experiment. Once I conducted the experiments I learned that the speed of the water molecules affects the time in which water freezes or boils.
                For this activity, I broke the questions into three separate experiments. For each experiment, I made a hypothesis and data table. The data tables are broke into two columns and three rows. I made checks next to the water that boiled or froze fastest. For the actual experiments, I measured out two cups of water. I added three table spoons of salt to the water and let it dissolve. When I boiled the water, I watched two separate pots until one started boiling. When I froze the water, I frequently checked on the containers to see which one was starting freeze first. These experiments led to the conclusion that hot water boils faster than cold water, cold water freezes faster than hot water, and regular water freezes faster than salt water.
                I can relate the information I learned from this activity to real-world situations. In the winter, we put salt on the roads and sidewalks to increase the freezing temperature of the water and allow the ice to melt for safety reasons. When I make spaghetti, I will now begin with warm water when I start boiling the noodles.